FINAL EXAM

1. B
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. A
10. B
11. A
12. A
13. B
14. A
15. D
16. C
17. D
18. C
19. D
20. B
21. B
22. C
23. A
24. D
25. C
26. D

quiz

1. d
2.a
3.a
4.c
5.virtue of legality, virtue of validity, and functional competence based on rationally created rules
6.d
7.c

Junius Pamphlet

Germany is under a personal regime, with strong initiative and spasmodic activity, with the weakest kind of parliamentarism, incapable of opposition, uniting all capitalist strata in the sharpest opposition to the working class. It is obvious that this live, unhampered imperialism, coming upon the world stage at a time when the world was practically divided up, with gigantic appetites, soon became an irresponsible factor of general unrest

I chose this passage because Germany, its people and its leaders have been described as being the aggressors of World War I and as being the aggressors’ period. Their reputation is of being very barbaric and troublemakers. I think this statement kind of lends a sympathetic ear to Germany’s situation. Just by saying that Germany is under a regime with ulterior motives sets the stage for a defense. Germany is under extreme duress because of their selfish leader not because they are a people that are aggressive and barbaric by nature. This statement is placing blame on the regime which I think a lot of literature regarding Germany forgets to do. I think most people tend to lump Germans into one category. This is why the idea of Nihilism and Dadaism are important in Germany’s history and growth as a society.

Nazism Assignment

What lessons if any are there from the Nazi regime? I would argue that it seems sometimes that the extreme anti-Semitism of the Nazis is almost overemphasized to make them appear more distant from today’s society. Obviously nothing like the Holocaust would ever happen in this country, but are we really safe from everything the Nazis represented? Do we not have people who like to separate “real Americans” from the rest and constantly talk about “taking our country back” and resort to all sorts of hyper-patriotic slogans? Do we not have those who exploit scapegoats as a way of directing attention away from other problems? Do we not have those who manipulate people through the mass media the way the Nazis perfected mass manipulation through the media? Is our country not continuously at war or in a state of preparation for war as a means of disposing of its surplus war production? Do the military producers in this country have a disproportionate influence over government? Does our government not possess the means to keep the population under surveillance and detain individuals even without trial? These are all aspects of the Nazi regime as well. Supposedly the first thing the Nazis would do when they conquered an area is to set up a public address (PA) system. The Nazis employed propaganda and tried to manipulate the masses in their own country and in occupied areas as well. The following film is a propaganda film entitled “Triumph of the Will”, (Triumph des Willens) made in 1934 and a reference to the Nietzschian notion of the “will to power”

I disagree with the statement "Nothing like the Holocaust has ever happened in the United States." I believe that slavery was just as horrendous. I mean taking a people from their native land and relocating them against their will is just as demeaning and horrible. There is a whole diaspora in the United States that are still suffering from the effects of this relocation. But I do agree with the other questions that were posed at the end of the lecture.  We very well have those issues that Germany had. Our economy isn't in the best shape. There are groups The difference between Germany and the United States is that we are a multi-ethnic/ racial society. The principles of this society embrace the differences or have attempted to embrace these differences with an ideal called Democracy. Therefore, democracy does not allow the chance for a potential leader to benefit from the explotiation of a group based on race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, etc, etc.

ASSIGNMENT

But first, let us free ourselves from a quite trivial falsification: namely, that ethics may first appear in a morally highly compromised role. Let us consider examples. Rarely will you find that a man whose love turns from one woman to another feels no need to legitimate this before himself by saying: she was not worthy of my love, or, she has disappointed me, or whatever other like 'reasons' exist. This is an attitude that, with a profound lack of chivalry, adds a fancied 'legitimacy' to the plain fact that he no longer loves her and that the woman has to bear it. By virtue of this 'legitimation,' the man claims a right for himself and besides causing the misfortune seeks to put her in the wrong. The successful amatory competitor proceeds exactly in the same way: namely, the opponent must be less worthy, otherwise he would not have lost out. It is no different, of course, if after a victorious war the victor in undignified self-righteousness claims, 'I have won because I was right.' Or, if somebody under the frightfulness of war collapses psychologically, and instead of simply saying it was just too much, he feels the need of legitimizing his war weariness to himself by substituting the feeling, 'I could not bear it because I had to fight for a morally bad cause.' And likewise with the defeated in war. Instead of searching like old women for the 'guilty one' after the war--in a situation in which the structure of society produced the war--everyone with a manly and controlled attitude would tell the enemy, 'We lost the war. You have won it. That is now all over. Now let us discuss what conclusions must be drawn according to the objective interests that came into play and what is the main thing in view of the responsibility towards the future which above all burdens the victor.' Anything else is undignified and will become a boomerang. A nation forgives if its interests have been damaged, but no nation forgives if its honor has been offended, especially by a bigoted self-righteousness. Every new document that comes to light after decades revives the undignified lamentations, the hatred and scorn, instead of allowing the war at its end to be buried, at least morally. This is possible only through objectivity and chivalry and above all only through dignity. But never is it possible through an 'ethic,' which in truth signifies a lack of dignity on both sides. Instead of being concerned about what the politician is interested in, the future and the responsibility towards the future, this ethic is concerned about politically sterile questions of past guilt, which are not to be settled politically. To act in this way is politically guilty, if such guilt exists at all. And it overlooks the unavoidable falsification of the whole problem, through very material interests: namely, the victor's interest in the greatest possible moral and material gain; the hopes of the defeated to trade in advantages through confessions of guilt. If anything is 'vulgar,' then, this is, and it is the result of this fashion of exploiting 'ethics' as a means of 'being in the right.'

There is more to being right than just being right. This was my first thought after reading this passage. It thoroughly explains the use of morals, ethics and objectivity. People tend to use their morals as an excuse as to why they did or didn't do something. There is a point that is stressed that you can't justify doing something wrong by blaming someone else. And there is also the distinction that morals have nothing to do with facts. Ethics are used in way that focuses on the facts of the past meaning there is questionable behavior on the part of the questioned. With this becoming the focus point, the objective is lost. Which leads way to the part where having objectivity is discussed. Being objective helps both parties prepare for the future.

I really liked this saying besides the overall quote " A nation forgives if its interests have been damaged, but no nation forgives if its honor has been offended." This reminds me of the way the world treated Germany after World War I. Essentially, France, Britain and Russia wanted to humiliate Germany. Their honor had been offended because they gained a bad reputation as being the aggressor. You can see this resentment and anger during World War II when Hitler comes into power. You can say that France, Britain and Russia were so bent on being ethically correct by punishing Germany that neither of this countries could see into the future. The only country that was being objective at this time was the United States or more so Woodrow Wilson, who in his Fourteen Point plan warned these countries not to strip Germany of their pride. This is an example of what he was trying to say.

reflection

Assignment

First Chapter:

Article 1

The German Reich is a republic.

State authority derives from the people

This statement is straight to the point. It is giving responsibility for its being to the German people. This is letting them know that they are part of the government and they will be listened to.  I chose it because I thought it was significant that this was the first thing mentioned. They are giving their citizens an honorable mention and it sets the tone for the rest of the document.

Second Chapter : Life within a Community

Article 119

Marriage, as the foundation of the family and the preservation and expansion of the nation, enjoys the special protection of the constitution. It is based on the equality of both genders.
It is task of both the state and the communities to strengthen and socially promote the family. Large families may claim social welfare.
Motherhood is placed under state protection and welfare.

It is very exceptional of a government to take special interest in the areas of family and community settings. This shows that the government has a genuine concern for its citizens.  It is a really beneficial move to promote the togetherness of family. If the government is invested in the family from the beginning of conception than it will possibly prevent the greater need for social welfare programs. For instance, the United States’ constitution or any other legal document does not encourage marriage. It is not an important concept which is why the divorce rates are so unbelievably high and why there are so many families in disarray. This chaos within American families kind of disrupts the social structure of the family. You have blended families; you have nuclear families, then single mothers and sometimes single fathers. Everyone’s needs are different which means the government has to spend more time and money to meet those needs, whereas if they had invested in strengthening the family then they would be in a better state.

Midterm (Professor I emailed this to you already)

Laura Powell
Explain the statement, "boredom is nothing other than the dissolution of pain in time", (Jünger p. 13) and its relationship to nihilism
Discuss the relationship between nihilism and changing attitudes on sexuality. In what ways did traditional values place prohibitions on sexuality? Why did these prohibitions lose their power after the first World War? Using The Blue Angel and Dream Story as a reference discuss the new attitudes towards sexuality that developed during the 1920s and early 1930s
   When World War I ended, millions of men across the world had been killed and countries had been destroyed. There was only one country to blame for the madness. Unfortunately,  this country was Germany. Along with taking the blame for the war, Germany was forced to pay reparations which eventually sent their economy into a downward spiral. The public humiliation and poor economy gave way to a meaningless feeling. Most Germans began to feel like they were being misrepresented and the result of the war had caused the country to be frowned upon. Many expressed their dissent in art forms like with the fictional story “On Pain” by Ernst Junger or with the films “The Blue Angel” and “Dream Story.” This meaningless feeling gave way to the idea of Nihilism.
    Nihilism is the idea that if the current method of doing things is not working than all things relating to the problem must be destroyed in order to find a new solution. This ideal forces the person or persons to confront their problems head on in order to come to a solution. Nihilism is a theme which is prevalent in German culture after the First World War.  There is a strong sense of disdain toward conventional methods that is common throughout these art forms. In lecture, we have been examining Ernst Jungers’ “On Pain.” This is an essay focuses on pain and how it can bring one closer to reality. Junger believed that morals such as the ones of Christianity, caused people to become disillusioned.
    An interesting point about Junger is that he welcomes technological advances because he believes that it will eventually push people to revolt against a monotone society.
He states that “Boredom is nothing other than the dissolution of pain in time.” This quote is essentially saying that while there is nothing going on, one is forced to face their pain which in Junger's mind is the truth. The silence that comes along with boredom causes one to think.
    As mentioned in the class blog, Junger believes that pain is the key to creating new entities. In other words, acknowledging the hurts will enable one to shed the burden and start the creative process towards something new. In order for one to start something new, they have to free themselves from oppression. In class, we discussed the ways in which a society can be oppressed. One very significant way is through religion.
      Religion can dictate ones life. It can influence the direction one decides to take. The class blog mentions Nietzches point of view on religion and how it can stifle our natural wants. He compared Greek morals with Christian morals. He said that Christian morals repressed natural human instincts. Whereas Christians were intelligent, the Greeks were physically strong. Nietzche attributed their strength to their ability to express their desires.
     One significant way that people have been repressed is through sex and sexuality. This can be seen in the two films we have watched, "The Blue Angel" and "Dream Story."
    "The Blue Angel" tells the story of Immanuel Rath, a teacher at a school in Germany who eventually falls in love with a singer at a risque club. This film shows how women's beauty and sexuality were appreciated so much so that Rath lost his mind in the end.
    What makes this film important is that it comes at a time when the attitudes towards sex and women were making a radical shift. This radical shift falls right in line with the ideals of Nihilism.
   Before the 1920's, women were expected to stay at home and be submissive to their husbands. Women were expected to dress conservatively and present themselves with manners.
   However, World War I reversed these roles. Women were now able to work and make their own money. This created an attitude of independence. Along with this attitude of independence came an attitude of confidence. Women's hemlined became shorter and lipstick became an even more popular commodity.
     Marlene Dietrich could be considered a sex symbol. She portrayed a sassy, "shared", woman who did whatever she pleased and had men falling at her feet. This image was far from the image of women before World War I. It was indeed a radical shift from the conservative way women were portrayed.
     Sex was another concept that had changed perspective. Where it was once thought of as being only for procreation, the act of sex became a very explored topic. "Dream Story" blurs the line between reality and fantasy, in which sex is explored in many different forms. This is reminiscent of Nietzche and his comparisons of Greeks and Christians. Because all in all, humans have desires that they want to act out on but are afraid to do so because it goes against societal norms.
   Fantasy is one of the ways which can allow one to break from the past and create something new. Schintzler displays this very well in "Dream Story." This film made it ok to have sexual fantasies and showed that even though you may be married, it is ok to fantasize about someone else.
    In conclusion, World War I was a terrible war. However, its aftermath allowed Germany to rethink its morals and culture. From this revelation, German society was able to rebuild itself in order to create an entirely new system. Even though Nihilism is a popular ideal throughout the world, it is more significant in Germany because of the struggle and setbacks Germans faced. It was the eventual turn around that their society was able to make.

Quote On Pain

“In such a situation, pain remains the only measure promising a certainty of insights. Wherever values can no longer hold their ground, the movement toward pain endures as an astonishing sign of the times; it betrays the negative mark of a metaphysical structure.” (p. 47)

               This quote reminds me of the saying “When you’ve hit rock bottom, the only way to go is up.” It is saying that facing the pain helps to relieve any problems that one is suffering from. Junger is saying that pain is the only measure that forces one to think or rethink about their circumstances. He in a way is disregarding the belief system that states that values and morals keep one aloof and in line. It seems as though he is saying that humans have a habit of ignoring their problems and that when pain is faced head on that it shows a remarkable feat for mankind.

This reminds me of the reading on Nietschze in which he compared the differences between Christians and the Greeks. He believed that Christian beliefs suppressed natural human desires while Greek beliefs encouraged them. This very sentence “Wherever values can no longer hold their ground, the movement toward pain endures as an astonishing sign of the times,” rings true of what Nietschze was saying.

I chose this passage because it is a statement that defies what most of us have been taught. In America, we are taught to be ashamed of having problems whatever they may be. We are taught to walk by faith and stick to our morals that way we fit into the society. But in all reality, talking about your problems and acknowledging your experiences help make a better person. When these bad experiences are repressed then the result is all of these psychological disorders such as bipolar disorder or adhd.

Reflection Paper

I actually saw the movie with Tom Cruise. I thought it was some what interesting when I first saw it and in reading the book ,Dream Story , it made a lot more sense. Dreams are our perception of reality and sometimes can be accurate. I think that dreams are our suppression of our subconcious. In the movie, Tom Cruise really wanted to be with the girl. She was a fantasy for him but because he was married, it was morally wrong and he couldn't act on his true feelings without hurting his wife. Its kind of like what Nietszche says " These Christian morals suppress the real humanistic nature."

Dream Story Quote

 "neither the reality of a single night nor even of a person's entire life can be equated with the full truth about his innermost being."
I chose this quote because I thought it was very interesting. It is essentially saying that no one moment can define a persons being. You can know someone's entire life and still not know who they are.  I think this rings true. People's actions aren't always indicative of who they are. Sometimes they are a victim of their circumstances or products of their environment. This quote takes in to account that there are other  factors, outside factors, that develop a person's innermost being and it is impossible to pinpoint and explore them all. This is why you can never truly know someone and it might be safe to say one can truly never know themselves either. Depending on the effects of these events, one might suppress them and the affects may never truly be realized.

Reflection

I enjoyed Blue Angel more so than the other film. It was easier to follow and the story was more like the ones of today where the man chases after this woman who can't be tamed and he ends up going crazy in the end. Also these films represent the beginning of what would be Hollywood and directing. They manipulate light and stage props to set the tone of the moment. And today of course we are more advanced.

Themes

Themes present in Dr. Caligiri’s cabinet and the Blue Angel:

Obsession with beauty or all things beautiful- A woman’s beauty leads the man to despair. In Ceseare’s case he is killed as a result of Jane. In Immanuel Rath’s case, he loses his job and his money chasing after Lola.

Concept of Reality/ Insanity- In both films the concept of reality is distorted. Dr. Caligiri has a twist ending and it turns out that instead of being the doctor who works in the asylum, he is actually a patient. And even in the Blue Angel when Rath finds out that Lola is cheating on him, before he can attack her he is attacked by the people at the club and eventually he goes insane.

Depression/Darkness- Both films have a depressed undertone to them as both characters seem to be hopeless. It seems as though in both films, the characters experienced this life changing event, usually something to do with a woman, and then they become depressed and despondent. Their lives seem to spin out of control and essentially they lose it.

These themes represent Nihilism because they expose the superficial and mock the things we take seriously. The fine line between reality and insanity was explored in both films. This is an important part of Nihilism because as we know this ideal attempts to destroy the present norm and create a new one.  A woman’s beauty being the reason the men went insane is the superficial theme.

Quiz1

1.       What is nihilism? Is it correct to say it is the belief in nothing?

Nihilism is the belief in destroying old norms, beliefs and systems in order to create new ones. I don’t think it would be correct to say that it is the belief in nothing. I think it is more so like challenging the current system because it isn’t working and attempting to create a new one.

2.       What are the differences between Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian values according to Nietzsche? Which values does he believe are better for living a full and healthy life and why?

Judeo-Christian values were the opposite of Greco-Roman values. The Greeks were physically stronger but the Christians were more intelligent. Nietzsche thought that the values of the Romans were humane and played into human nature while the values of the Christians sought to restrict and contain human nature.

Nietzche believed that the Greco-Roman values were more suitable for living a full and healthy life because they did not repress natural human traits.

3.       Why is Dada art so pessimistic and bizzare? What groups in Germany society where Dada artists trying to discredit and undermine?

Dada art is pessimistic because it is coming from the perspective of post war Germany. Germany was humiliated after World War II. They were blamed and forced to pay reparations which eventually bankrupted their economy. Dada artists were trying to undermine Army Generals and Politicians, people that they felt were responsible for dragging Germany into the war and ruining society.

4.       How many jobs does Dr. Caligari have in the film?

2

5. Why does Siddhartha leave his father?

He leaves his father because he wants to seek more wisdom. Siddartha feels like his father has taught him everything that he knows.

6. How does Cesare "die" in the film?

Cesare dies by jumping off the ledge after he kills Jane.

7. Why is the river so important to Siddharta at the end of the novel?

The River is important because it is the place where Siddhartha achieved the enlightenment. He learned to listen. 

Reflection #2

The lecture on Siddartha, Buddhism and Dada made me see Eastern Religion in a different light. From what I have studied about Shintoism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, I have learned that they are very spiritual religions that focus on becoming one with the earth and honoring animals. But I have never seen these religions in direct opposition to Western religion. Americans who reject Western religion for Eastern religion are nihilists in their own right. I found that to be an interesting point. I would love to study the reasons as to why Americans or any other westerner turns toward Eastern Religion and what are they looking to achieve when they do this.

Assignment #2

Siddhartha gave his garments to a poor Brahman in the street. He wore nothing more than the loincloth and the earth-coloured, unsown cloak. He ate only once a day, and never something cooked. He fasted for fifteen days. He fasted for twenty-eight days. The flesh waned from his thighs and cheeks. Feverish dreams flickered from his enlarged eyes, long nails grew slowly on his parched fingers and a dry, shaggy beard grew on his chin. His glance turned to ice when he encountered women; his mouth twitched with contempt, when he walked through a city of nicely dressed people. He saw merchants trading, princes hunting, mourners wailing for their dead, whores offering themselves, physicians trying to help the sick, priests determining the most suitable day for seeding, lovers loving, mothers nursing their children—and all of this was not worthy of one look from his eye, it all lied, it all stank, it all stank of lies, it all pretended to be meaningful and joyful and beautiful, and it all was just concealed putrefaction. The world tasted bitter. Life was torture.

Siddhartha is looking upon the society with disdain because he feels that they are pretending to be holy or pretending to have achieved a meaningful relationship with the universe. But it’s all a front because how can one be only while their neighbor is whoring themselves? How can that be ignored? This is why he is disgusted.

The Dada artists protested the war through their artwork. They took various body parts and machinery and mushed them together in order to make light of the things that we take so seriously. I think by taking these elements and making a collage of them, this can relate to Siddhartha’s journey of finding nirvana. The Dada artists are destroying the old norms in attempts to find new meaningful norms.

I chose this passage because it relates to todays’ society as well. America is a country that claims to be about democracy however its citizens aren’t being treated properly. As I walk through the streets, I often look around in disgust at the people who go to church every Sunday and praise God but every other day of the week they turn their cheeks to the evil in their neighborhoods and in their very own houses. This is the best and freest country in the world on the outside but on the inside we still have a lot of issues. There is still racism and prejudices. It seems like the society has become hypocritical and everyone is pretending to be holy and moral while doing otherwise. The world is definitely bitter when there is such a great disparity between the rich and the poor. There are children suffering, crime is high. The law gives criminals the same rights as victims.

Hannah Hoch

Hannah Hoch originally named Anna Therese Johanne Hoch was born in Germany November 1, 1889. In college, she studied glass design and graphic arts. During World War I, she quit school to work with the Red Cross. A year later she returned to school and became close to Raoul Haussman, a member of the Berlin Dada movement. This was how Hannah became involved in the movement. Her work in a handicrafts department helped to create a unique style for her art as she so often used embroideries. Hoch along with Haussman is credited with having created the photomontage style. Photomontage is the process of cutting parts of different photographs to make one thing. Her artwork explores feminism, androgyny and oftentimes bisexuality. She was known to have several relationships with women and men, including Raoul Haussman.

Hannah Hoch “Grotesque.” Here she is challenging the gender roles of men and women. It can also be seen as men walking in women’s shoes and perhaps trying to persuade them to support women’s rights. The use of red at the top gives me the impression that power will be equality spread amongst men and women.

This photomontage is called “Das Schone Madchen,” which means The Beautiful Girl in German. The girl with the bathing suit is the focal point of the picture. She has a light bulb attached to her head which says to me that Hoch is saying “Women can have their own ideas.” The machinery in the background tells the viewer the time period which is obviously during European industrialization.

Dada Panorama was created in 1919.  This artwork is much different from the others. It represents different point of views. I think this because everything is placed away from each other and not in a unified message like the others. I see the German word “Gegen,” which stands for against. I believe that this picture is showing the humiliation of the Germans after the First World War because of the way the men at the top are dressed, in their underwear. It looks to me that there are men lying sideways at the top left which symbolizes the fall of Germany. Then towards the bottom, I see the army men which signify the Germany’s pride.

Hannah Hoch’s artwork mainly focuses on individuals or groups and how society affects them.

Nihilism in Germany and Nietzsche quote

After reading the course description and why Germany was chosen to explore the topic of Nihilism, it makes great sense. Russia may have been where the idea of Nihilism was created but Germany is in a unique position.  Germany had the strongest army at the beginning of World War I. Towards the end of World War I, Germany had suffered more than any other country in the war. Their economy was crushed by the reparations they were forced to pay to France, Britain and the United States. They were publicly condemned and blamed for the war. Their national pride plummeted. It almost seems as though destroying their past to create something new was something they needed to do in order to move forward.

                I think Nietzsche saw Nihilism as the effect of Christianity. He believed that Christianity suppressed human desires and wants which in turn caused those human desires and wants to explode and perhaps become more grotesque than they would have had they been allowed to flourish. I think he embraced the natural human qualities and rejected the moral codes in which one was forced to live by in order to fit into society.